LESSON 6 Accounting Created By : Fitri Idawati NIM : 2083310004

LESSON 6

Accounting

EXERCISE 1 : STRUCTURAL PRACTICE

1. Can he write reports well?

No, he can’t write reports well, but he could when I was SMA

2. Can they consult those records?

No, they can’t those records, but they could when they was younger

3. Can she records data?

No, she can’t record data, but she could when she was worker

4. Can he compute the gross profits?

No, he can’t compute the gross profits, but he could compute the net income

5. Can we prepare balance sheets?

No, we can’t prepare balance sheets, but we could prepare income statements

6. Can I operate the computer?

No, I can’t operate the computer, but I could when I was younger

EXERCISE 2 : SUBSTUTION DRILL

1. We could keep the investor happy

2. We have to keep the investor satisfied

3. We will keep the investor happy

4. We have to keep the employees happy

5. We have to can the investors happy

6. He have to keep the investor happy

7. we have to wants the investors happy

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. In general terms, what is the purpose of accounting?

Accounting is a activities to records and measure the activity of a business and reports an the effects of these tran sactions on the firm’s financial canditian

2. Who uses the data which is provided by accounting records?

Management, stockholders, creditors independent analysts, banks and government

3. What are the two types o records that are prepared by more businesses?

Income statement and balance sheet

4. What can one learn by analying the income statement and balance sheet of a company?

The income statement and balance sheet are the two types of a records that most business prepare regularly

5. What is ratio analysis used for?

Useding for the analysis of accounting records

6. What are the three categories of ratios in finance?

- One such ratio deals with profitability

- A second set of ratio helps a company evaluate its current financial position

- A third set of ratio deals with the overall financial structure of the company, primarily analyzing the value of the ownership of the firm

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Record (n) Report (n) Profit (n)

Record (v) Report (v) Profit (v)

1. Accounting is needed to record (v) all business transactions.

2. He keeps very neat (n)

3. Our firm’s current profit (v)

4. They record (v) from their association with that company

5. Our report (v) of accounts receivable show that $5,000 is owed to us

6. The activity is record (n) on income statements and balance sheets

LESSON 5 Line and staff positions Created By : Nadia Iriani NIM: 2083310062

LESSON 5
Line and staff positions

EXERCISE 1 : STRUCTURAL PRACTICE

1. Have you memorized the positions yet ?
No, I haven’t memorized it yet
Yes, I’ve already memorized it
2. Have you spoken to your boss yet ?
No, I haven’t spoken it yet
Yes, I’ve already spoken it
3. Has he called the comptroller yet ?
No, he hasn’t called it yet
Yes, he has called it
4. Has she notified the manager yet ?
No, she hasn’t notified it yet
Yes, she has notified it
5. Have we received the report yet ?
No, we haven’t received it yet
Yes, we have received it
6. Have you given the orders yet ?
No, I haven’t given it yet
Yes, I ‘ve already given it
7. Have they met their subordinates yet ?
No, they haven’t met it yet
Yes, they have already met it
8. Have you had your coffee yet ?
No, you haven’t had it yet
Yes, you have already had it

EXERCISE 2 : SUBSTUTION DRILL

1. This diagram shows how the workers are divided into groups
2. This chart shows how the workers are divided into separated
3. This chart executives how the workers are divided into groups
4. That chart shows how the workers are divided into groups
5. This ilustrates shows how the workers are divided into groups
6. This chart shows how the way that are divided into groups
7. This chart shows how the manager are divided into groups


EXERCISE 3 : FURTHER STRUCTURAL PRACTICE

1. He isn’t a line executive. He isn’t a staff executive
He is neither a line nor a staff executive
2. The salesmen don’t advise the pesident. The salesmen don’t consult the president.
The salesmen neither advise nor consult the president
3. He isn’t a manager. He doesn’t want to be a manager
He neither is manager nor want to be a manager
4. Tom didn’t notify the comptroller. Tom didn’t call the personnel office
Tom neither notified the comptroller nor called the personnel office
5. Susan didn’t phone the comptroller. Susan didn’t talk to her boss
Susan neither phoned the comptroller nor talked to her boss
6. Susan won’t attend the meeting. Tom won’t attend the meeting
Neither Susan nor Tom will attend the meeting

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. What does organization structure mean?
Organization structure means the relationship that exists between positions and the people who hold the positions.
2. What are the two funcutions of organization structure?
- Provides an efficient wor system as well as a system communication
- Establishes a chain of command which can simplify problems of giving and taking orders
3. Which type of structure is historically the oldest?
It is based on the idea of direct vertical relationships between the positions and task of each level, and the positions and task above and below each level.
4. What is an example of a job that is below certain orther jobs and above certain orther jobs in terms of line structure?
A sales manager may be in a line positions between the vice president of marketing and the salesmen.
5. How d line and staff structure differ in relation to the exercise of authority?
A sales manager may be in a line position between the vice president of marketing and the salesmen.
6. Why would an advertising departement or a credit departement be considered staff rather than line structure?
Because, they do not give orders to other departments.
7. Describe yhe line and staff structure of ny business where you have worked or that you are familiar with. Draw a chart to show the line and staff relationships.






Line – Staff Relationships









VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Tasks Complexity Staff
Specialists Relationship Authority

1. Businesses grow in both size and Complexity
2. Everyone in an organization has Staff to complete.
3. The president of a company usually has Relationship over the vice president.
4. We study the Tasks between each position and position above and below it.
5. People who are not in line position are usually Specialists in a particular field that doesn’t necessarily deal with the company product
6. A Authority departement usually does not give orders to order departements

LESSON 4 What Does An Executive Do? Created By : Nurjanah NIM : 2083310043

LESSON 4
What Does An Executive Do?

EXERCISE 1 : STRUCTURAL PRACTICE

1. We ought to talk about the functions of an executive
We should talk about the function of an executive
2. An executive ought to make careful decisions.
An executive should make careful decisions
3. A vice president ought to coordinate the work of other
A vice president should coordinate the work of other
4. He ought to plan objectives and changes
He should plan objectives and changes
5. An executive ought to be competent
An executive should to be competent
6. We ought to have a meeting with the plant manager
We should to have a meeting with the plant manager

EXERCISE 2 : SUBSTUTION DRILL

1. Which of the functions is the most important?
2. Which of these administrators functions is the most important?
3. Which of these positions is the most important?
4. Which of least funcitions is the most important?
5. Which of these tasks is the most important?
6. Which of your functions is the most important ?
7. Which of these funcitions is the most essential ?

EXERCISE 3 : FURTHER STRUCTURAL PRACTICE

1. They’re accustomed to hiring and firing people.
They’re used to hiring and firing people
2. Managers are accustomed to evaluating systems.
Managers are used to evaluating system
3. He’s accustomed to delegating authority.
He’s used to delegating authority
4. I’m accustomed to being o fore man.
I’m used to being a fore man
5. He’s accustomed to a lot of paper work and red tape.
He’s used to a lot of paper work and red tape
6. We’re accustomed to having many responsibilities.
We’re used to having many responsibilities
7. The vice president is accustomed to making decisions.
The vice president is used to making decisions

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. What option can an employer first consider when he wants to hire a new employee?
An employer has several options he can consider when he wants to hire a new employee. First he may look within his own company.
2. What service can a personnel departement provide for a company executive?

3. What are some recruitment sources outside one’s own company?
First, he may look within his own company but if none of the present employees aresuitable for the position, he will have to look outside the company.
4. What qualifications are important to consider in choosing an employee?
The employer has two sets of qualifacations to consider when he wants to choose from among prospective. He must consider both professional qualitifacitions and personal characteristics.
5. What is mean by “professional qualifications” for a job?
Profesional qualifications include his education, experience and skills.
6. What are some personal characteristics that you would consider in choosing an employee?
Persnonal charectiristics or personality traits, must be evaluated through interviews

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. I need to find an assistant, so I’ll call an employment agency.
2. Please don’t ask me age; that’s a very personal question.
3. Three candidates are being considered for that position.
4. We want to hire additional personnel for that departement.
5. After advertising in the paper, he received resumes from many propective candidates.
6. There are several options he can consider when choosing an employee.
7. Prospective employees must be interviewed before they can be hired.
8. Her qualification for the job include a college degree, good work experience and an energetic personality

LESSON 3 CORPORATIONS Created By: Putri Anggraeni. NS NIM: 2083310056

LESSON 3
CORPORATIONS

EXERCISE 1 : STRUCTURAL PRACTICE

1. Our business is a paint factory
Our business is growing
Our business, as a paint factory, is growing
2. The owners of a corporation are the stockholders
The owners of a corporation must vote
The owners of a corporation, as the stockholders must vote
3. Mr. Ames is a lawyer
Mr. Ames is giving us information about corporations.
Mr. Ames as a lawyer, is giving us information about corporation
4. Robert is a manager
Robert wants to form a corporation
Robert as a manager, wants to form a corporation
5. A charter is a certificate of incorporation
A charter is granted by a state officer
A charter is a cerificate of incorpration, is granted by a state officer
6. The main officers are the president and the vice president.
The main officers will make decisions
The main officers as the president and the vice president, will mae decisions

EXERCISE 2 : SUBSTUTION DRILL

1. When we obtain the charter, what do we have to do after?
2. When we receive the charter, what do we have to do after?
3. When we receive the certificate, what do we have to do after?
4. When we receive the certificate, what do we should to do after?
5. When he receive the certificate, what do we should to do after?
6. When he get the certificate, what do he should to do after?
7. When he get the papers, what do he should to do after?

EXERCISE 3 : FURTHER STRUCTURAL PRACTICE

1. We mailed the application last week. (wait for a reply)
We have been waiting for a reaply since mailed the application
2. We discussed corportions last month. (plan a change)
We have been planing a change since discussed corporations
3. They received the corporate charter two weeks ago. (plan a meeting)
They have been planing a meeting since received the corporate charter
4. They started the meeting five minutes ago. (vote for directors)
They have been voting for directors since started the meeting
5. He bought some stock five years ago. (make money)
He has been making money since bought some stock
6. He became a company officer last year. (work hard)
He has been working hard since became a company officer

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. Who are the owners of a corporation?

2. Is a corporation necessarily larger than a sole proprietorship or a partnership?

3. List a least three advantages of the corporate form of ownership?
- The first is its ability to attract financial resources
- A second advantage is that if the corporation attracts a large amount of capital, it can make large investment in plants, equipment and research.
- A third advantage is that a corporation can offer high salaries and thus attract talented managers.
4. What do you think the disadvantages of the corporate form of ownership might be?

5. The business corporation generally issues stock to stockhlders. What types of corporations ssually do not issue stock?

6. Name some well-know corporations from various countries of the world, such as the U.S.A., Germany, Japan, and your own country.what does each corporation on your list do? What types of businesses are likely to take a corporatte form of ownership?

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Charitable Utilities Institution Nonprofit
Stock Resources Investment

1. Gas, water and electric power companies are utilities.
2. I bought some stock in Pan Am and IBM.
3. What do you think is a better investment, buying stock or buying real estate?
4. The Red Cross is an internasional organization for the relief of suffering in times of war or disaster, it is a charitable organization.
5. The university is a institution corporation; it is an educational nonprofit that reinvests all its money.
6. The company issued stock in order t attract greater financial resources

LESSON 2 PARTNERSHIP Created By: Putri Astuti NIM: 2083310056

LESSON 2
PARTNERSHIP

EXERCISE 1 : STRUCTURAL PRACTICE

1. Jean is a woman. She used to be in accounting
Jean is woman who used to be in accounting
2. Barbara is a woman. She is Jean’s partner
Barbara is the woman who Jean’s partner
3. Barbara and Jane are friends. The run a shop
Barbara and Jane are friends who run a shop
4. Martin is a friend. He had lunch with Barbara
Martin is a friend who had lunch with Barbara
5. Barbara is a partner. She is good at selling
Barbara is a partner who is good at selling
6. Jean is a partner. She is good at ordering stock
Jean is a partner who is good at ordering stock
7. Barbara and Jane are partners. They have the right combination
Barbara and Jane are partners who have the right combination
8. Partners are people. They share unlimited joint liability
Partners are people who share unlimited joint liability

EXERCISE 2 : SUBSTUTION DRILL

1. One partner can invest less money than another
2. One partner can put in less capital than another
3. One partner can invest less capital than the other
4. One partner can invest more capital than another
5. One person can invest less cash than another
6. One partner may invest less cash than another
7. One partner can receive less capital than another
8. One partner can invest less capital time another

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. What is an important difference between a general partnership and a limite partnership?
A general partnership have unlimited liability and a limited partnership have limited liability.
2. What is the difference between a silent partner and a secret partner?
- Silent partner is a person who is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in management.
- Secret partner is a person who takes part in management but who is not know to the public.
3. What are some profesonal field in which partnership are found?
Such as medicine, law, accounting, insurance and stockbrokerage.

4. What are some businesses in which limited partnership is a common form?
Limited partnership are a common form of ownership in real estate, oil prospecting, and the mining and quarrying industries, to name a few.
5. Discuss the advantages of partnership
The advantages of partnership are they are easy to form, and often receive favored treatment by the goverment as well as tax benefist
6. What are the disadvantages of a partnership?
There are some disadvantages of a partnership.
7. Which would you prefer for your own business, a partnership or sole proprietorship? Why? If neither form would be suitable, explain why not
I would prefer a partnership for my own business, because it easy to form

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Capital Benefist Associate
Silent patner Unlimited liabiliti management

1. A secret parnert part in management
2. General parners have unlimited liability
3. A silent patner is known to the public as a member af the firm, but has no authority
4. Partnership often receive tax benefist from the government.
5. One adventage of a partership is that it offers a multiple source of capital
6. A partner’s share of the business can cor into the hands of a less desirable associate upon the partner.s death

LESSON 1- Created By. ISTIQOMAH Nim: 2083310179

Lesson 1

A Sole Proprietorship

Dialogue

John : Hi Carol, How Are you?

Carol : Fine, thanks John, How Are You?

John : Fine it’s good to see you

Carol : You, too. I’m Glad you have time to talk today

John : Sure

Carol : I’d like some advice

John : Well, I’d be happy to help in any way I can

Carol : You know, I’ve been designing clothes for quite a while and I have always been interested in fashion. I’m thinking of starting my own business a boutique

John : I think you might have a good idea

Carol : Well, I need to learn about the responsibilities of going into business

John : Are you going into this business by yourself?

Carol : Yes, I’d like to have a company with my name on it, where I make the decisions and where I control the profits.

John : You seem determined, so I will try to help you. If you go into business alone, it’s called a sole proprietorship. In this case, you probably won’t even need a lawyer to form the business. You can start or stop the business whenever you like.

Carol : That’s good. What other encouraging things can you tell me?

John : You don’t have to consult partners or a board of directors, so you can put your policies into effect quickly. You decide on your vacation, hours, salary, hiring and firing

Carol : It sounds good

John : Wait a minute. I feel I have to tell you about some of the risk involved too

Carol : What kinds of risk ?

John : The most important risk to remember is that you have unlimited liability. This means that you are responsible for all your business debts

Carol : Does that mean that I have to declare personal bankruptcy if the business fails?

John : Exactly. You could lose personal assets

Carol : It sounds frighting. What else should I know?

John : You won’t get some of the tax benefits others types of business get. Do you have financing? That’s usually difficult for small business to get

Carol : Yes I know. Fortunately, that’s taken care of. By the way, do you know of a good accountant to do my taxes?

John : Sure, You’ll also have to hire a bookkeeper unless you think you can do your books yourself

Carol : I’m not sure about that yet. I have to think about it. What else john?

John : Well, before we get into other things, why don’t we have a cup of coffee?

Carol : As usual, you have good advice, John

Exercise 1: Structural Practice

Example: start my own business

= I’m thinking of starting my own business

1. Open a boutique

Answer : I’m thinking of opening a boutique

2. Call a lawyer

Answer : I’m thinking of calling a lawyer

3. Pay my taxes

Answer : I’m thinking of paying my taxes

4. Sell my shop

Answer : I’m thinking of selling my shop

5. Hire an employee

Answer : I’m thinking of hiring an employee

6. File for bankruptcy

Answer : I’m thinking of filing for bankruptcy

7. Manage it my self

Answer : I’m thinking of managing it my self

8. Fire my accountant

Answer : I’m thinking of firing my accountant

Exercise 2 : Substitution Drill

Statement: There are several advantages to having a sole proprietorship

Example: Many

There are many advantages to having a sole proprietorship

(Note that you will always be substituting for different word in the sentence.)

1. Owning

There are many advantages to owning a sole proprietorship

2. Disadvantages

There are many disadvantages to owning a sole proprietorship

3. Starting

There are many disadvantages to starting a sole proprietorship

4. In

There are many disadvantages in starting a sole proprietorship

5. A new business

There are many disadvantages in starting a new business

6. Boutique

There are many disadvantages in starting a new boutique

7. Will be

There will be many disadvantages in starting a new boutique

8. A lot of

There will be a lot of disadvantages in starting a new boutique

Exercise 3: Further Practise

Notice this sentences:

I’m going to have a bookkeeper do the books

Use the structure to respond to the following cues:

Example: A bookkeeper will do the books

I’m going to have a bookkeeper do the books.

1. An accountant will prepare the tax report

Answer : I’m going to have an accountant prepare the tax report

2. John will give me advice

Answer : I’m going to have John give me advice

3. A lawyer will do this work

Answer : I’m going to have a lawyer do this work

4. A secretary will mail the letters

Answer : I’m going to have a secretary mail the letters

5. A friend will finance the business

Answer : I’m going to have a friend finance the business

6. A salesperson will sell the clothes

Answer: I’m going to have a salesperson sell the clothes

7. A decorator will design the shop

Answer : I’m going to have a decorator design the shop

READING

A business may be privately owned in three important forms. These are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation. The sole proprietorship is the most common in America Business. More than 80 per cent of all business in the United States are sole proprietorships.

Sole proprietorship; however, do not do the greatest volume of business. They account for less than 16 per cent of all business receipts. What kind of business is likely to be a sole proprietorship? These small businesses are very often service industries such as Laundromats, beauty shops, repair shops and restaurants.

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. What are three ways that a business can be privately owned?

Answer : These are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation

2. What form do most American business have?

Answer : More than 80 per cent of all business in the United States are sole proprietorships

3. What form do most business in your native country have?

Answer : In my country do most business are sole proprietorships

4. Do sole proprietorship s make the most money that is, do they have the greatest volume of business?

Answer : Yes, they do

5. List some business that are likely to be sole proprietorships. Why?

Answer : These small businesses are very often service industries such as Laundromats, beauty shops, repair shops and restaurants.

6. List some business that are not likely to be sole proprietorships. Why?

Answer : CV, Firma, PT, because that is partnership

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

From the words listed below , select a word to fit each blank space in the sentences. Use each word only once.

Corporations

Forms

Account for

Privately

Service

Business

Receipts

1. A sole proprietorship is very often a small business that deals in a service.

2. The service industries do not manufacture product .

3. Eighty- four per cent of all business receipt are not from sole proprietorships.

4. Less than 20 per cent of American businesses are partnerships or corporations.

5. Sole proprietorships forms only a small part of all business transactions.

6. There are three important account for of business ownership.